Tuesday, March 10, 2015

11th March 1399 Timur Lung Attacked And Destroyed Delhi Parts Of North India Including Hardwar Ganga Pilgrimmage Town Across Sindhu River

Persecution of Hindus

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Persecution of Hindus refers to the religious persecution inflicted upon Hindus. In modern times, Hindus in the Muslim-majority regions of Kashmir, Pakistan, Bangladesh and others have also suffered persecution.

Medieval[edit]

Persecution by Muslim Rulers[edit]

By Arabs[edit]

Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent began during the early 8th century, when the Umayyad governor of Damascus, Hajjaj responded to a casus belli provided by the kidnapping of Muslim women and treasures by pirates off the coast of Debal,[1] by mobilising an expedition of 6,000 cavalry under Muhammad bin-Qasim in 712 CE. Records from the campaign recorded in the Chach Nama record temple demolitions, and mass executions of resisting Sindhi forces and the enslavement of their dependents. This action was particularly extensive in Debal, of which Qasim is reported to have been under orders to make an example of while freeing both the captured women and the prisoners of a previous failed expedition. Bin Qasim then enlisted the support of the local Jat, Meds and Bhutto tribes and began the process of subduing and conquering the countryside. The capture of towns was also usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among his "enemy", who were then extended special privileges and material rewards.[2] However, his superior Hajjaj reportedly objected to his method by saying that it would make him look weak and advocated a more hardline military strategy, saying "Henceforth grant pardon to no one of the enemy and spare none of them, or else all will consider you a weak-minded man."[3]
In a subsequent communication, Hajjaj reiterated that all able-bodied men were to be killed, and that their underage sons and daughters were to be imprisoned and retained as hostages. Qasim obeyed, and on his arrival at the town of Brahminabad massacred between 6,000 and 16,000 of the defending forces.[4] The historian, Upendra Thakur records the persecution of Hindus and Buddhists:
When Muhammad Kasim invaded Sind in 711 AD, Buddhism had no resistance to offer to their fire and steel. The rosary could not be a match for the sword and the terms Love and Peace had no meaning to them. They carried fire and sword wherever they went and obliterated all that came their way. Muhammad triumphantly marched into the country, conquering Debal, Sehwan, Nerun, Brahmanadabad, Alor and Multan one after the other in quick succession, and in less than a year and a half, the far-flung Hindu kingdom was crushed, the great civilization fell back and Sind entered the darkest period of its history. There was a fearful outbreak of religious bigotry in several places and temples were wantonly desecrated. At Debal, the Nairun and Aror temples were demolished and converted into mosques.[Resistors] were put to death and women made captives. The Jizya was exacted with special care.[Hindus] were required to feed Muslim travellers for three days and three nights.[5]
Other historians and archaeologists such as J E Lohuizen-de Leeuw, take the following stance regarding events preceding the sack of Debal:
In fact, we have clear evidence that the Arabs were very tolerant towards both Buddhists and Hindus during the rest of the campaign and throughout the time they ruled Sind...Of course that does not mean that no monuments were ever destroyed, for war always means a certain amount of damage to buildings but it does prove that there was no wanton and systematic destruction of each and every religious center of the Buddhists and Hindus in Sind.[6]
In 725 CE Junayad, the Arab governor of Sind, sent his armies to destroy the temple of Somnath.[7] The Gurjara Pratihara king Nagabhata II rebuilt the temple in 815, a large structure of red sandstone.

Mahmud of Ghazni[edit]

Somanatha Temple Prabhas Patan, Gujarat, from the Archaeological Survey of India, taken by D.H. Sykes in c.1869
Mahmud of Ghazni, Sultan of the Ghaznavid empire, invaded the Indian subcontinent during the early 11th century. His campaigns across the gangetic plains are often cited for their iconoclast plundering and destruction of temples.
According to military historian Victoria Schofield, Sabuktagin, the Turkish ruler of Ghazni and father of Mahmud, "set as his goal the expulsion of the Hindus from the Kabul valley and Gandhara (Khandar), as the vale of Peshwar was still called. His son and successor, the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, continued his work, carrying the holy war against the Hindus into India."[8] Till the year 980 CE, this area ofGhandhara was under Hindus until Sabuktagin from Ghazni invaded it and displaced its last Hindu Shahi king Jaya Pala.[9] Shahi was an important kingdom in Northwest India at that time. According to some sources (like Ibn Batuta[10]) the name of the Hindu Kush mountains of the region means "Hindu kill"[9][11] probably because raiders would capture Hindu slaves from the plains and take them away but they would die of cold in the mountains.[12][13]
Mahmud of Ghazni sacked the second Somnath Temple in 1026, and looted it of gems and precious stones and the famous Shiva lingam of the temple was destroyed .[14] Following the defeat of the RajputConfederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud had then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals annexingonly the Punjab region.[15] By 1665, the temple, one of many, was once again ordered destroyed by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[16]
Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed there wonderful exploits, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people.[17]
Alberuni, a historian who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni, described the conquests in North Western India by stating that Mahmud impoverished the region and that the civilisation of the scattered Hindus declined and retreated from the North West.[18]
This is the reason, too, why Hindu sciences have retired far away from those parts of the country conquered by us, and have fled to places which our hand cannot yet reach, to Kashmir, Benares, and other places.[17]
Holt et al. hold an opposing view, that he was "no mere robber or bloody thirsty tyrant" . Mahmud shed no blood "except in the exigencies of war",[15] and was tolerant in dealings with his own Hindu subjects, some of whom rose to high posts in his administration, such as his Hindu General Tilak[15]

Timur's campaign against India[edit]

Main article: Timur
Timur began a trek starting in 1397 to invade the territory of the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. He crossed the Indus River at Attock on 24 September. The capture of towns and villages was often followed by the massacre of their inhabitants and the raping of their women, as well as pillaging to support his massive army.
Timur's invasion did not go unopposed and he did meet some resistance during his march to Delhi, most notably by the Sarv Khap coalition in northern India, and the Governor of Meerut. Although impressed and momentarily stalled by the valour of Ilyaas Awan, Timur was able to continue his relentless approach to Delhi, arriving in 1398 to combat the armies of Sultan Mehmud, already weakened by an internal battle for ascension within the royal family. The Sultan's army was easily defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed more than 100,000 captives.
During the ransacking of Delhi, almost all inhabitants not killed were captured and enslaved. Timur left Delhi in approximately January 1399. In April he had returned to his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Darya). Immense quantities of spoils were taken from India. According to Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were employed merely to carry precious stones looted from his conquest, so as to erect a mosque at Samarkand – what historians today believe is the enormous Bibi-Khanym Mosque. Ironically, the mosque was constructed too quickly and suffered greatly from disrepair within a few decades of its construction.
When Timur invaded India in 1398-99, collection of slaves formed an important object for his army. 100,000 Hindu slaves had been seized by his soldiers and camp followers. Even a pious saint had gathered together fifteen slaves. Regretably, all had to be slaughtered before the attack on Delhi for fear that they might rebel. But after the occupation of Delhi the inhabitants were brought out and distributed as slaves among Timur's nobles, the captives including several thousand artisans and professional people.[19]

Delhi Sultanate[edit]

Firuz Shah Tughlaq[edit]
Firuz Shah Tughluq was the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The "Tarikh-i-Firuz Shah" is a historical record written during his reign that attests to the systematic persecution of Hindus under his rule.[20] In particular, it records atrocities committed against Hindu Brahmin priests who refused to convert to Islam:
An order was accordingly given to the Brahman and was brought before Sultan. The true faith was declared to the Brahman and the right course pointed out. but he refused to accept it. A pile was risen on which the Kaffir with his hands and legs tied was thrown into and the wooden tablet on the top. The pile was lit at two places his head and his feet. The fire first reached him in the feet and drew from him a cry and then fire completely enveloped him. Behold Sultan for his strict adherence to law and rectitude.[20]
Under his rule, Hindus who were forced to pay the mandatory Jizya tax were recorded as infidels, their communities monitored and, if they violated Imperial ordinances and built temples, they were destroyed. In particular, an incident in the village of Gohana inHaryana was recorded in the "Insha-i-Mahry" (another historical record written by Amud Din Abdullah bin Mahru) where Hindus had erected a deity and were arrested, brought to the palace and executed en-masse.[20]
In 1230, the Hindu King of Odisha Anangabhima III consolidated his rule and proclaimed that an attack on Odisha constituted an attack on the king's god. A sign of Anangabhima's determination to protect Hindu culture is the fact that he named is new capital in Cuttack "Abhinava Varanasi." His anxieties about further Muslim advances in Odisha proved to be well founded.

In the Mughal empire[edit]

The Kesava Deo temple in Mathura, marked the place that Hindus believe was the birthplace of Shri Krishna.[21] In 1661 Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of the temple, and constructed the Katra Masjid mosque. Traces of the ancient Hindu temple can be seen from the back of the mosque. Aurangzeb also destroyed what was the most famous temple in Varanasi- the Vishwanath Temple.[21] The temple had changed its location over the years, but in 1585 Akbar had authorised its location at Gyan Vapi. Aurangzeb ordered its demolition in 1669 and constructed a mosque on the site, whose minarets stand 71 metres above the Ganges. Traces of the old temple can be seen behind the mosque. Centuries later, emotional debate about these wanton acts of cultural desecration continues.Aurangzeb also destroyed the Somnath temple in 1706.[21]
Hindu nationalists claim that Mughals destroyed the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, located at the birthplace of Rama, and built the Babri Masjid on the holy site, which has since been a source of tension between the Hindu and Muslim communities. Following an archaeological survey the Allahabad High Court ruled in 2010 that the 2,400 square feet (220 m2) disputed land in Ayodhya, on which the Babri Masjid stood before it was demolished on 6 December 1992, will be divided into three parts: the site of the Ramlala idol to Lord Ram, Sunni Wakf Board gets one third and Nirmohi Akhara gets Sita Rasoi and Ram Chabutara.[22]
Writer Fernand Braudel wrote in A History of Civilizations (Penguin 1988/1963, p. 232–236), Islamic rule in India as a "colonial experiment" was "extremely violent", and "the Muslims could not rule the country except by systematic terror. Cruelty was the norm – burnings, summary executions, crucifixions or impalements, inventive tortures. Hindu temples were destroyed to make way for mosques. On occasion there were forced conversions. If ever there were an uprising, it was instantly and savagely repressed: houses were burned, the countryside was laid waste, men were slaughtered and women were taken as slaves."

Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan[edit]

See also: Mysore invasion of Kerala
Ruins of a temple, entirely made of stone. The four-storied temple ruins rise behind two free-standing pillared structures, one of which hides the entrance to the temple. Sculptures of human forms are seen on the upper stories. Grass grows on various exposed surfaces of the ruins. A pathway, paved with stone slabs, fringes the visible perimeter of the temple.
An 1868 photograph of the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire atHampi, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site[23]
There are historians who state that Tippu Sultan was a religious persecutor of Hindus.[24][25] C. K. Kareem also notes that Tippu Sultan issued an edict for the destruction of Hindu temples in Kerala.[26]Hindu groups revile Tipu Sultan as a bigot who massacred Hindus.[27] He was known to carry out forced conversions of Hindus and Christians.[28]
Tipu got Runmust Khan, the Nawab of Kurool, to launch a surprise attack upon the Kodava Hindus (also called Coorgs or Coorgis) who were besieged by the invading Muslim army. 500 were killed and over 40,000 Kodavas fled to the woods and concealed themselves in the mountains.[29] Thousands of Kodava Hindus were seized along with the Raja and held captive at Seringapatam (Srirangapatna). They were also subjected to forcible conversions to Islam, death, and torture.[30]
In Seringapatam, the young men who were forcibly circumcised were incorporated into the Ahmedy Corps, and they formed eight Risalas or regiments.[29] The actual number of Kodavas that were captured in the operation is unclear. The British administrator Mark Wilks gives it as 70,000, Historian Lewis Rice arrives at the figure of 85,000, while Mir Kirmani's score for the Coorg campaign is 80,000 men, women and child prisoners.[29] In a letter to Runmust Khan, Tipu himself stated:[31]
We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-seeking and sedition-exciting Coorgis, who alarmed at the approach of our victorious army, had slunk into woods, and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible even to birds. Then carrying them away from their native country (the native place of sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and incorporated them into our Ahmedy corps.
In 1788, Tipu ordered his governor in Calicut Sher Khan to begin the process of converting Hindus to Islam, and in July of that year, 200 Brahmins were forcibly converted and made to eat beef.[32]Mohibbul Hasan, Prof. Sheikh Ali, and other historians cast great doubt on the scale of the deportations and forced conversions in Coorg in particular, and Hasan says that the British versions of what happened were intended to malign Tipu Sultan, and to be used as propaganda against him.[citation needed] He argues that little reliance can be placed in Muslim accounts such as Kirmani's Nishan-e Haidari; in their anxiety to represent the Sultan as a champion of Islam, they had a tendency to exaggerate and distort the facts: Kirmani claims that 70,000 Coorgis were converted, when forty years later the entire population of Coorg was still less than that number. According to Ramchandra Rao Punganuri the true number of converts was about 500.[33]
Tipu sent a letter on 19 January 1790 to the Governor of Bekal, Budruz Zuman Khan. It says:
Don't you know I have achieved a great victory recently in Malabar and over four lakh Hindus were converted to Islam? I am determined to march against that cursed Raman Nair (Rajah of Travancore) very soon. Since I am overjoyed at the prospect of converting him and his subjects to Islam, I have happily abandoned the idea of going back to Srirangapatanam now.[34]
The following is a translation of an inscription on the stone found at Seringapatam, which was situated in a conspicuous place in the fort:[35]
Oh Almighty God! dispose the whole body of infidels! Scatter their tribe, cause their feet to stagger! Overthrow their councils, change their state, destroy their very root! Cause death to be near them, cut off from them the means of sustenance! Shorten their days! Be their bodies the constant object of their cares (i.e., infest them with diseases), deprive their eyes of sight, make black their faces (i.e., bring shame).
He also corresponded with the Sringeri Shankaracharya – expressing grief and indignation at a raid by Maratha bandit horsemen (called Pindari), which killed many and plundered the monastery of its valuable possessions,[36] patronised the Melkote temple (which has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions indicating that they were presented under the Sultan), for which a Kannada decree was issued that the Shrivaishnava (Hindu sectary) invocatory verses there should be recited in the traditional form. Tipu Sultan also presented four silver cups to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale[37] and probably presented the Ranganatha temple at Srirangapatana with seven silver cups and a silver camphor burner.[38] Some historians have argued that these acts happened after the Third Mysore war, where he had to negotiate on the terms of surrender. They claim that these acts were motivated by a political desire to get the support of his Hindu subjects.
Historian Hayavadana C. Rao wrote about Tippu in his encyclopaedic work on the History of Mysore. He asserted that Tippu's "religious fanaticism and the excesses committed in the name of religion, both in Mysore and in the provinces, stand condemned for all time. His bigotry, indeed, was so great that it precluded all ideas of toleration". He further asserts that the acts of Tippu that were constructive towards Hindus were largely political and ostentatious rather than an indication of genuine tolerance.[39]

In Kashmir[edit]

The Hindu minority in Kashmir has also been historically persecuted by Muslim rulers.[40] While Hindus and Muslims lived in harmony for certain periods of time, several Muslim rulers of Kashmir were intolerant of other religions. Sultãn Sikandar Butshikan of Kashmir (AD 1389–1413) is often considered the worst of these. Historians have recorded many of his atrocities. The Tarikh-i-Firishta records that Sikandar persecuted the Hindus and issued orders proscribing the residency of any other than Muslims in Kashmir. He also ordered the breaking of all "golden and silver images". The Tarikh-i-Firishta further states: "Many of the Brahmins, rather than abandon their religion or their country, poisoned themselves; some emigrated from their native homes, while a few escaped the evil of banishment by becoming Mahomedans. After the emigration of the Bramins, Sikundur ordered all the temples in Kashmir to be thrown down. Having broken all the images in Kashmeer, (Sikandar) acquired the title of ‘Destroyer of Idols’".[40]

During European rule of the Indian subcontinent[edit]

Goa[edit]

Main article: Goa Inquisition
St. Francis Xavier who requested the Inquisition in 1545
The Goa Inquisition, was established in 1560 by Portuguese missionaries in Portuguese India. Aimed primarily at New Christian converts who were thought to have returned to their original Hindu or Islamic faith, it is recorded to have executed 57 apostates until its abolition in 1774.[41]
According to Teotónio de Souza the Hindus faced severe persecution with great fortitude under the Portuguese in Goa.[42] Vicar general Miguel Vaz had written to the king of Portugal in 1543 from Goa requesting that the Inquisition be established in Goa as well. Three years later Francis Xavier made a similar request in view of the Muslims in the region and the Christians abandoning their faith. On hearing of the excesses of the Inquisition in Goa, Lourenco Pires, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, expressed his displeasure to the crown while warning that this zeal for religion was actually becoming a disservice to God and the kingdom. Again according to de Souza, the Inquisition was bad for its victims and led to the downfall of the Portuguese Empire in the East.[42]
In 1620, an order was passed to prohibit the Hindus from performing their marriage rituals.[43] Charles Dellon experienced first hand the cruelty of the Inquisition's agents.[44] He published a book in 1687 describing his experiences in Goa. L'Inquisition de Goa (The Inquisition of Goa).[44]

British Colonial India[edit]

The British East India Company engaged in a covert and well-financed campaign of evangelical conversions in the 19th century. While officially discouraging conversions, officers of the Company routinely converted Sepoys to Christianity, often by force. This was one of the factors that led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[45][not in citation given]

Modern[edit]

While the vast majority of Hindus live in Hindu-majority areas of India, Hindus in other parts of South Asia and in the diaspora have sometimes faced persecution.

Partition of India[edit]

Hindus, like Muslims, Sikhs, and members of other religious groups, experienced severe dislocation and violence during the massive population exchanges associated with the partition of India, as members of various communities moved to what they hoped was the relative safety of an area where they would be a religious majority. Hindus were among the between 200,000 and a million who died during the rioting and other violence associated with the partition.[46]

Direct Action Day[edit]

In 1946 the Cabinet Mission to India was planning the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership. At that time, fearing Hindu domination, the Muslim League's leader Jinnah proposed to divide British India into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. The Indian National Congress rejected this proposal and so the Muslim League planned a hartal (general strike) on 16 August 1946 (called Direct Action Day).[47] Upon the request of Suhrawardy, Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal, the Governor of Bengal Frederick Burrows declared a public holiday that day.[47][48][49] The Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal protested to this; they didn't want to be seen as supporting the hartal. They urged the Hindus to instead keep their shops open and to continue their business as usual on that hartal day.[50] On the afternoon of Direct Action Day Suhrawardy and another speaker Nazimuddin addressed a Muslim rally.[47] As soon as many of the listeners left the meeting they were reported to have started violently attacking the Hindus and looting their shops.[47][49] Later Suhrawardy reportedly tried to get British officials to bring the army in but nothing happened until steps towards an army intervention began in the afternoon of 17 August.[47] The Hindus, supported by Sikhs, in the city of Calcutta retaliated.[51][52] All these events are known as the Great Calcutta killings of 1946.[51]
On 17 August the President of a Textile Workers' Union led a hooligan and his mob (all Muslims) into the compound of a Birla owned Kesoram Cotton Mill. The Mill was looted while the workers, including 300 Oriya speakers, (their religion is disputed) were massacred.[53][54][55] In Calcutta, within 72 hours, more than 4,000 people lost their lives and 100,000 residents in the city of Calcutta were left homeless.[49][56] Some sources claim that between 7000-10000 people were killed, including both Hindus and Muslims.[57]On 21 August Bengal was brought under the Viceroy's rule.[58] British troops entered the place, and the rioting was reduced by 22 August.[59] This sparked off several riots between Muslims and Hindus in Noakhali, Bihar and Punjab that year. There also occurred communal violence in Delhi, Bombay, Punjab and the Northwest Frontier Province.

Naokhali Riots[edit]

Main article: Noakhali riots
Around seven weeks after Direct Action Day, violence was directed against the Hindu minority in the villages of Noakhali and Tippera in Chittagong district in East Bengal.[60][61] Rioting in the region began in the Ramganj police station area by a mob.[62] The rioting spread to the neighbouring police station areas of Raipur, Lakshmipur, Begumganj and Sandip in Noakhali and Faridganj, Hajiganj, Chandpur, Laksham and Chudagram in Tippera.[62] From 2 October, there were instances of stray killings.[63]
Relief operations took place and Gandhiji visited the place on a peace mission even as threats against the Hindus continued.[64] While claims varied, the official Muslim League Bengal Government estimates of those killed were placed at a conservative 200.[65]According to Suhrawardy 9,895 people were forcibly converted in Tippera alone.[66] Ghulam Sarwar Hossain, a religious leader who belonged to a local political party dominated by Muslims,[67] was the main organiser of the riot.[68] It was said that the local administration had planned the riot and that the police helped Ghulam Sarwar escape arrest.[68] A large number of victims were Namasudra (a Bengali Hindu Lower caste).[69] According to a source quoting from the State Government Archives, in Naokhali 178 Hindus and 42 Muslims were killed while in Tippera 39 Hindus and 26 Muslims were killed.[70] Women were abducted and forced into marriage.[61][70] In retaliation Muslims were massacred in Bihar and in Garhmukteshwara in the United Provinces.[62] These attacks began between 25 and 28 October in the Chhapra and Saran districts of Bihar and then spread to Patna, Munger, Bhagalpur and a large number of scattered villages of Bihar.[62] The official estimates of the dead at that time were 445.[62]

During the era of Nizam state of Hyderabad[edit]

Hindus were severely repressed under the autocratic dictatorial rule of the Nizam nawabs in Hyderabad state. The Hindu majority were denied fundamental rights by the Nizams of Hyderabad state. Hindus were called gaddaar (traitor) by Muslims in the Nizam state of Hyderabad.[71][unreliable source?] Many Hindus were murdered, looted and thrown to jail. Construction of temples were declared illegal and Hindu scriptures like Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana were banned.[72][unreliable source?]
Hindus were treated as second class citizens within Hyderabad state and they were severely discriminated against, despite the vast majority of the population being Hindu. The 1941 census estimated the population of Hyderabad to be 16.34 million. Over 85% of the populace were Hindus with Muslims accounting for about 12%. Hyderabad was also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%). Nonetheless, the number of Hindus in government positions was disproportionately small. Of 1765 officers, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 were "Others" (presumably British Christians, Parsis and Sikhs). Of the officials drawing pay between Rs. 600–1200 pm, 59 were Muslims, 38 were "Others", and a mere 5 were Hindus. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the kingdom.[73][not in citation given]
In 1947; Nizam, the ruler of Hyderabad refused to merge his kingdom with India. For the independence of the Islamic state of Hyderabad and to resist Indian integration, All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, the then dominating political party persecuted Hindus and their 150,000 cadre strong militant wing named Razakars killed a number of Hindus under the leadership of Qasim Rizwi.[74]

Pakistan[edit]

Main article: Hinduism in Pakistan
See also: Anti-Hinduism § Pakistan and Sectarianism in Pakistan § Hindus
There were 8.8 million Hindus in Pakistan in 1951. In 1951, Hindus constituted 22% of the Pakistani population (including present-day Bangladesh);[75][76] Today, the Hindu minority amounts to 1.7 percent of Pakistan's population.[77] Hindu minorities living under the influence of the Taliban in Swat, Pakistan, were forced to wear red headgear such as turbans as a symbol of dhimmi.[78] In July 2010, around 60 members of the minority Hindus in Karachi were attacked and ethnically cleansed following an incident when a Hindu youth drank from a water tap near an Islamic mosque.[79][80] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan came out with a report in 2010 stating that at least 25 Hindu girls are abducted in Pakistan every month.[81] In January 2014, in an attack on a temple, the guard was gunned down.[82]
1971 Bangladesh genocide[edit]
Main articles: 1971 Bangladesh genocide and Operation Searchlight
During the 1971 Bangladesh genocide there were widespread killings and acts of ethnic cleansing of civilians in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan, a province of Pakistan), and widespread violations of human rights were carried out by the Pakistani Army, which was supported by political and religious militias during the Bangladesh Liberation War. In Bangladesh, the atrocities are identified as a genocide. Time magazine reported that "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military's hatred."[83]
The Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. An article in Time magazine dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."[84]Senator Edward Kennedy wrote in a report that was part of United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad". In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that 80% of the refugees in India were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such as UNESCO and World Health Organization the number of East Pakistani refugees at their peak in India was close to 10 million. Given that the Hindu population in East Pakistan was around 11 million in 1971, this suggests that up to 8 million, or more than 70% of the Hindu population had fled the country.The Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Sydney Schanberg covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the Pakistan Army, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well), (Newsday, 29 April 1994).

Contemporary persecution[edit]

Persecution by Buddhists[edit]

Bhutan[edit]
In 1991–92, Bhutan expelled roughly 100,000 ethnic Nepalis (Lhotshampa), most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since. The Lhotshampa are generally classified as Hindus.[85] In March 2008, this population began a multiyear resettlement to third countries including the US, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Australia.[86] At present, the United States is working towards resettling more than 60,000 of these refugees in the US as third country settlement programme.[87]

South Asia[edit]

Republic of India[edit]
See also: Hinduism in India
Although the Indian government allows for freedom of religion, its constitution provides special rights to minorities and their places of worship. More over, minority institutes also receive government patronage in form of Exemption from 2005 Amendment to the Article 15, 95% grant-in-aid, College Scholarship to pursue higher education.[88][89][90][91] Some states like Tamil Nadu, offer reservation in education for Muslims and Christians. The Indian government offers huge subsidies for Muslims towards Haj Pilgrimage. There have been instances where Hindu temples have been damaged by miscreants.[92] The leaders of some political parties have spoken out against what they see as superstitious or barbarous practices followed by certain groups of Hindus.[93]
Jammu and Kashmir[edit]
The Kashmiri Pandit population living in the Muslim majority region of Jammu and Kashmir has often come under threat from Islamic militants in recent years, in stark contrast to centuries of peace between the two religious communities in the State. Historians have suggested that some of these attacks have been in retaliation for the anti-Muslim violence propagated by the Hindutva movement during the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and the 2002 Gujarat riots.[94] This threat has been pronounced during periods of unrest in the Kashmir valley, such as in 1989. Along with the Hindus, large sections of the Muslim population have also been attacked, ostensibly for "cooperating" with the Indian state. Some authors have found evidence that these militants had the support of the Pakistani security establishment.[95][96] The incidents of violence included the Wandhama Massacre in 1998, in which 24 Kashmiri Hindus were gunned down by Muslims disguised as Indian soldiers. Many Kashmiri Non-Muslims have been killed and thousands of children orphaned over the course of the conflict in Kashmir. The 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre was another such incident where 30 Hindu pilgrims were killed en route to the Amarnath temple.[97]
Northeast India[edit]
Main article: Christian Terrorism in India
In Northeastern India, especially in Nagaland, Hindus are not able to celebrate Durga Puja and other religious festivals due to harassment and killing by Christian terrorist groups. In Tripura,[98] the NLFT(National Liberation Front of Tripura), has targeted Swamis and temples for attacks. They are known to have forcefully converted Hindus to Christianity.[99][100]
In Assam, members of the primarily Christian Hmar ethnic group have placed bloodstained crosses in temples and forced Hindus to convert at gunpoint.[101]
The 2012 Assam violence arose in the state of Assam between indigenous Bodos and Bengali Muslims due to the high influx of Muslims illegally from Bangladesh.[102] Muslim illegal immigrants in Assam are regularly attacked by indigenous people.[103] As of 8 August 2012, 77 people had died and over 400,000 people were taking shelter in 270 relief camps, after being displaced from almost 400 villages. Eleven people have been reported missing. In retaliation, Muslims mounted attacks on students and workers from the north-east India across various places including Mumbai, Pune, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Muslim mobs resorted to large scale violence against media persons, bystanders, shops, vehicles and tourists in several cities including Lucknow, Kanpur and Allahabad.[104] 30,000 people from North East India fled Bangalore after attacks on them by Muslims.[105]
Punjab[edit]
Main article: Punjab insurgency
The period of insurgency in Punjab around Operation Blue Star saw clashes of the Sikh militants with the police, as well as with the Hindu-Nirankari groups resulting in many Hindu deaths. In 1987, 32 Hindus were pulled out of a bus and shot, near Lalru in Punjab by Sikh militants.[106]
Kerala[edit]
On 2 May 2003, eight Hindus were killed by a Muslim mob at Marad beack in Kozhikode district, Kerala. One of the attackers was also killed. The judicial commission that probed the incident concluded that members of several political parties were directly involved in planning and executing the killing.[107] The commission affirmed "a clear communal conspiracy, with Muslim fundamentalist and terrorist organisations involved".[107] The courts sentenced 62 Muslims to life imprisonment for committing the massacre in 2009.[108]
Bangladesh[edit]
Main articles: Hinduism in Bangladesh, 2013 Bangladesh Anti-Hindu violence and 2014 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
There have been several instances where Hindu refugees from Bangladesh have stated that they were the victims of torture and intimidation.[109][110] A US-based human rights organisation, Refugees International, has claimed that religious minorities, especially Hindus, still face discrimination in Bangladesh.[111]
One of the major political parties in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, openly calls for 'Talibanisation' of the state.[112][113][114] However, the prospect of actually "Talibanizing" the state is regarded as a remote possibility, since Bangladeshi Islamic society is generally more progressive than the extremist Taliban of Afghanistan. Political scholars conclude that while the Islamization of Bangladesh is real, the country is not on the brink of being Talibanized.[112] In 1971 at the time of the liberation of Bangladesh from East Pakistan, the Hindu population accounted for 15% of the total population. Thirty years on, it is now estimated at just 10.5%.[115] The 'Vested Property Act' previously named the 'Enemy Property Act' has seen up to 40% of Hindu land snatched away forcibly. Hindu temples in Bangladesh have also been vandalised.[116] The United States Congressional Caucus on India has condemned these atrocities.[117]
Bangladeshi feminist Taslima Nasrin's 1993 novel Lajja deals with the anti-Hindu riots and anti-secular sentiment in Bangladesh in the wake of the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India. The book was banned in Bangladesh, and helped draw international attention to the situation of the Bangladeshi Hindu minority.
In October 2006, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom published a report titled 'Policy Focus on Bangladesh', which said that since its last election, 'Bangladesh has experienced growing violence by religious extremists, intensifying concerns expressed by the countries religious minorities'. The report further stated that Hindus are particularly vulnerable in a period of rising violence and extremism, whether motivated by religious, political or criminal factors, or some combination. The report noted that Hindus had multiple disadvantages against them in Bangladesh, such as perceptions of dual loyalty with respect to India and religious beliefs that are not tolerated by the politically dominant Islamic Fundamentalists of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Violence against Hindus has taken place "in order to encourage them to flee in order to seize their property".The previous reports of the Hindu American Foundation were acknowledged and confirmed by this non-partisan report.[118]
On 2 November 2006, USCIRF criticised Bangladesh for its continuing persecution of minority Hindus. It also urged the Bush administration to get Dhaka to ensure protection of religious freedom and minority rights before Bangladesh's next national elections in January 2007.[118]
On 6 February 2010, Sonargaon temple in Narayanganj district of Bangladesh was destroyed by Islamic fanatics. Five people were seriously injured during the attack.[119] Temples were also attacked and destroyed in 2011[120]
In 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal indicted several Jamaat members for war crimes against Hindus during the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. In retaliation, violence against Hindu minorities in Bangladesh was instigated by the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami . The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, rape of Hindu women and desecration and destruction of Hindu temples.[121]
On 28 February 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal sentenced Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the Vice President of the Jamaat-e-Islami to death for the war crimes committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Following the sentence, activists of Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir attacked the Hindus in different parts of the country. Hindu properties were looted, Hindu houses were burnt into ashes and Hindu temples were desecrated and set on fire.[122][123] While the government has held theJamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has directed the law enforcement to start suo motu investigation into the attacks. US Ambassador to Bangladesh express concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community.[124][125] The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, rape of Hindu women and desecration and destruction of Hindu temples.[121] According to community leaders, more than 50 Hindu temples and 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts.[126]
Pakistan[edit]
Pakistan Studies curriculum issues[edit]
Main article: Pakistan Studies curriculum
According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report 'Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible'[127] A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace a non-profit organisation in Pakistan, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. 'Vituperative animosities legitimise military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbour' the report stated. 'The story of Pakistan’s past is intentionally written to be distinct from, and often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious.' Further the report stated 'Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today’s students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these partial truths'.[128][129][130][131]
An editorial in Pakistan's oldest newspaper Dawn commenting on a report in The Guardian on Pakistani Textbooks noted 'By propagating concepts such as jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, India’s ingrained enmity with Pakistan, etc., the textbook board publications used by all government schools promote a mindset that is bigoted and obscurantist. Since there are more children studying in these schools than in madrassahs the damage done is greater. '[132][133] According to the historian Professor Mubarak Ali, textbook reform in Pakistan began with the introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic studies by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1971 into the national curriculum as a compulsory subject. Former military dictator Gen Zia-ul-Haq under a general drive towards Islamization, started the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. 'The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion – that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them.'.[133][134] Another editorial in Dawn talks about the ideology of thought control in Pakistan and mentions that post these changes, "History was rewritten to redefine Pakistani as an Islamic society, and no research on ancient India, the medieval period or the colonial era. Our history was linked with the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, thus alienating it from ancient Indian history."[135]
According to Pervez Hoodbhoy, a physics professor at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, the "Islamizing" of Pakistan's schools began in 1976 when an act of parliament required all government and private schools (except those teaching the British O-levels from Grade 9) to follow a curriculum that includes learning outcomes for the federally approved Grade 5 social studies class such as: 'Acknowledge and identify forces that may be working against Pakistan,' 'Make speeches on Jihad,' 'Collect pictures of policemen, soldiers, and national guards,' and 'India's evil designs against Pakistan.'[136]
Forced conversions[edit]
Hindu women have also been known to be victims of kidnapping and forced conversion to Islam.[137] Around 20 to 25 Hindu girls are abducted every month and converted to Islam forcibly.[138] Krishan Bheel, a Hindu member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, came into the news recently for manhandling Qari Gul Rehman after being taunted with a religious insult.[139]
On 18 October 2005, Sanno Amra and Champa, a Hindu couple residing in the Punjab Colony, Karachi, Sindh returned home to find that their three teenage daughters had disappeared. After inquiries to the local police, the couple discovered that their daughters had been taken to a local madrassah, had been converted to Islam, and were denied unsupervised contact with their parents.[140]
A Pakistan Muslim League politician has stated that abduction of Hindus and Sikhs is a business in Pakistan, along with conversions of Hindus to Islam.[141] Forced conversion, rape, and forced marriages of Hindu women in Pakistan (akin to Love Jihad) have recently become very controversial in Pakistan.[142][143]
Temple Destruction[edit]
In 2006, the last Hindu temple in Lahore was destroyed to pave the way for construction of a multi-storied commercial building. When reporters from Pakistan-based newspaper Dawn tried to cover the incident, they were accosted by the henchmen of the property developer, who denied that a Hindu temple existed at the site.[144] In January 2014, a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down.[145]
Discrimination due to the rise of Taliban[edit]
Although Hindus were frequently soft targets in Pakistan,[146][147] the rise of Taliban forces in the political arena has particularly unsettled the already fragile situation for the minority community. Increasing persecution, ostracism from locals and lack of a social support system is forcing more and more Hindus to flee to India.[148][149] This has been observed in the past whenever the conflicts between the two nations escalated[150] but this has been a notable trend in view of the fact the recent developments are due to internal factors almost exclusively. The Taliban have used false methods of luring, as well as the co-operation of zealots within local authorities to perpetrate religious cleansing.[151]
Afghanistan[edit]
See also: Hinduism in Afghanistan
During the Taliban regime, Sumptuary laws were passed in 2001 which forced Hindus to wear yellow badges in public to identify themselves as such. This has been similar to Adolf Hitler's treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany during World War II.[152][153] Hindu women were forced to dress according to Islamic hijab, ostensibly a measure to "protect" them from harassment. This was part of the Taliban's plan to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from Islamic ones.[154] In addition, Hindus were forced to mark their places of residence identifying them as Hindu homes.
The decree was condemned by the Indian and United States governments as a violation of religious freedom.[155] Widespread protests against the Taliban regime broke out in Bhopal, India. In the United States, chairman of the Anti-Defamation League Abraham Foxman compared the decree to the practices of Nazi Germany, where Jews were required to wear labels identifying them as such.[156] The comparison was also drawn by California Democrat and holocaust survivor Tom Lantos, and New York Democrat and author of the bipartisan 'Sense of the Congress' non-binding resolution against the anti-Hindu decree Eliot L Engel.[157] In the United States, congressmen and several lawmakers.[157] wore yellow badges on the floor of the Senate during the debate as a demonstration of their solidarity with the Hindu minority in Afghanistan.[158]
Indian analyst Rahul Banerjee said that this was not the first time that Hindus have been singled out for state-sponsored oppression in Afghanistan. Violence against Hindus has caused a rapid depletion in the Hindu population over the years.[158] Since the 1990s many Afghan Hindus have fled the country, seeking asylum in countries such as Germany.[159]
Sri Lanka[edit]
Most of the LTTE leaders were captured and gunned down at blank range in May, 2009, after which a genocide of Sri Lankan Tamils in the Northern Province, Sri Lanka has started.[160][161][162] Even a book, The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka has been written on this genocide. Tamils Against Genocide hired US attorney Bruce Fein[163] to file human rights violation charges against two Sri Lankan officials associated with the civil war in Sri Lanka which has reportedly claimed the lives of thousands of civilians.[164]

In other countries[edit]

Germany[edit]
In Bonn, a Hindu student was beaten up and had his tongue slashed by suspected Islamists after refusing to convert to Islam.[165]
Italy[edit]
In Italy, Hinduism was previously not recognised as a religion, and during Durga Puja celebrations, the Italian police shut down a previously approved Durga Puja celebration in Rome. The affront was seen by some as a statement against alleged persecution of Christians in India.[166]
However, on 14 December 2012, Hinduism, along with Buddhism, was recognised and given freedom as a religion not conflicting with the Italian Law, as per Article 8 of the Italian constitution. The move has been hailed as a new milestone for religious freedom and equality between religions.[167]
Kazakhstan[edit]
In 2005 and 2006 Kazakh officials persistently and repeatedly tried to close down the Hare Krishna farming community near Almaty.
On 20 November 2006, three buses full of riot police, two ambulances, two empty lorries, and executors of the Karasai district arrived at the community in sub-zero weather and evicted the Hare Krishna followers from thirteen homes, which the police proceeded to demolish.
The Forum 18 News Service reported, "Riot police who took part in the destruction threw the personal belongings of the Hare Krishna devotees into the snow, and many devotees were left without clothes. Power for lighting and heating systems had been cut off before the demolition began. Furniture and larger household belongings were loaded onto trucks. Officials said these possessions would be destroyed. Two men who tried to prevent the bailiffs from entering a house to destroy it were seized by 15 police officers who twisted their hands and took them away to the police car."[168]
The Hare Krishna community had been promised that no action would be taken before the report of a state commission – supposedly set up to resolve the dispute – was made public. On the day the demolition began, the commission's chairman, Amanbek Mukhashev, told Forum 18, "I know nothing about the demolition of the Hare Krishna homes – I'm on holiday." He added, "As soon as I return to work at the beginning of December we will officially announce the results of the Commission's investigation." Other officials also refused to comment.
The United States urged Kazakhstan's authorities to end what it called an "aggressive" campaign against the country's tiny Hare Krishna community.[169]
Malaysia[edit]
See also: Hinduism in Malaysia and Cow head protests
Approximately nine percent of the population of Malaysia are Tamil Indians, of whom nearly 90 percent are practising Hindus. Indian settlers came to Malaysia from Tamil Nadu in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between April to May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against Hindus.[170] On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in Kuala Lumpur was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.[171]
The president of the Consumers Association of Subang and Shah Alam in Selangor State has been helping to organise efforts to stop the local authorities in the Muslim dominated city of Shah Alam from demolishing a 107-year-old Hindu temple. The growing Islamization in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many Malaysians who follow minority religions such as Hinduism.[172] On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from Kuala Lumpur forcefully demolished part of a 60-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 1,000 Hindus. The "Hindu Rights Action Force", a coalition of several NGO's, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the Malaysian Prime Minister.[173] Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in Malaysia. The official reason given by the Malaysian government has been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old.[173] According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights Action Task Force, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.[174]
Malaysian Muslims have also grown more anti-Hindu over the years. In response to the proposed construction of a temple in Selangor, Muslims chopped off the head of a cow to protest, with leaders saying there would be blood if a temple was constructed in Shah Alam.[175]
Laws in the country, especially those concerning religious identity, are generally slanted towards compulsion into converting to Islam.[176]
Saudi Arabia[edit]
On 24 March 2005, Saudi authorities destroyed religious items found in a raid on a makeshift Hindu shrine found in an apartment in Riyadh.[177]
Fiji[edit]
See also: Hinduism in Fiji and Church involvement in Fiji coups
The burnt out remains of Govinda's Restaurant in Suva: over 100 shops and businesses were ransacked in Suva's central business district on 19 May
Hindus in Fiji constitute approximately 38% of the population. During the late 1990s there were several riots against Hindus by radical elements in Fiji. In the Spring of 2000, the democratically elected Fijian government led by Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry was held hostage by a guerilla group, headed by George Speight. They were demanding a segregated state exclusively for the native Fijians, thereby legally abolishing any rights the Hindu inhabitants have now. The majority of Fijian land is reserved for the ethnically Fijian community.[178] Since the practitioners of Hindu faith are predominantly Indians, racist attacks by the extremist Fijian Nationalists too often culminated into violence against the institutions of Hinduism. According to official reports, attacks on Hindu institutions increased by 14% compared to 2004. Hindus and Hinduism, being labelled the "outside others," especially in the aftermath of the May 2000 coup, have been victimised by Fijian fundamentalist and nationalists who wish to create a theocratic Christian state in Fiji. This intolerance of Hindus has found expression in anti-Hindu speeches and destruction of temples, the two most common forms of immediate and direct violence against Hindus. Between 2001 and April 2005, one hundred cases of temple attacks have been registered with the police. The alarming increase of temple destruction has spread fear and intimidation among the Hindu minorities and has hastened immigration to neighbouring Australia and New Zealand. Organised religious institutions, such as theMethodist Church of Fiji, have repeatedly called for the creation of a theocratic Christian State and have propagated anti-Hindu sentiment.[179]
The Methodist church of Fiji repeatedly calls for the creation of a Christian State since a coup d'état in 1987[178][180] and has stated that those who are not Christian should be "tolerated as long as they obey Christian law".
The Methodist Church of Fiji specifically objects to the constitutional protection of minority religious communities such as Hindus and Muslims. State favouritism of Christianity, and systematic attacks on temples, are some of the greatest threats faced by Fijian Hindus. Despite the creation of a human rights commission, the plight of Hindus in Fiji continues to be precarious.[179]
Trinidad & Tobago[edit]
During the initial decades of Indian indenture, Indian cultural forms were met with either contempt or indifference by the Christian majority.[181] Hindus have made many contributions to Trinidad history and culture even though the state historically regarded Hindus as second class citizens. Hindus in Trinidad struggled over the granting of adult franchise, the Hindu marriage bill, the divorce bill, cremation ordinance, and others.[181] After Trinidad's independence from colonial rule, Hindus were marginalised by the African basedPeople's National Movement. The opposing party, the People's Democratic party, was portrayed as a "Hindu group", and Hindus were castigated as a "recalcitrant and hostile minority".[181] The displacement of PNM from power in 1985 would improve the situation.
Intensified protests over the course of the 1980s led to an improvement in the state's attitudes towards Hindus.[181] The divergence of some of the fundamental aspects of local Hindu culture, the segregation of the Hindu community from Trinidad, and the disinclination to risk erasing the more fundamental aspects of what had been constructed as "Trinidad Hinduism" in which the identity of the group had been rooted, would often generate dissension when certain dimensions of Hindu culture came into contact with the State. While the incongruences continue to generate debate, and often conflict, it is now tempered with growing awareness and consideration on the part of the state to the Hindu minority.[181] Hindus have been also been subjected to persistent proselytisation by Christian missionaries.[182] Specifically the evangelical and Pentecostal Christians. Such activities reflect racial tensions that at times arise between the Christianized Afro-Trinidadian and Hindu Indo-Trinidadian communities.[182]
South Africa[edit]
South Africa is home to a small Hindu minority. In 2006, the son of an Islamic cleric named Ahmed Deedat, circulated a DVD that denounced South African Hindus. The elder Deedat, former head of the Arab funded "Islamic Propagation Centre International" (IPCI), had previously circulated an anti-Hindu video in the 1980s where he said that Indian Muslims were 'fortunate' that their Hindu forefathers 'saw the light' and converted to Islam when Muslim rulers dominated some areas of India. His video was widely criticised. While Hindus in South Africa have largely ignored the new anti-Hindu DVD circulated by Deedat Junior, he has been severely criticised by local Muslims, including other members of the IPCI.[citation needed]The IPCI said in a statement that Yusuf Deedat did not represent the organisation in any way. Deedat Junior, undeterred by the opposition from his own brethren, continues to circulate the material.He has placed advertisements in newspapers inviting anyone to collect a free copy from his residence to see for themselves "what the controversy is about".[183]
United States[edit]
See also: Dotbusters
Hindu immigrants constitute approximately 0.5% of the total population of the United States. They are also the second most affluent religious group after the Jews. Hindus in the US enjoy both de jure and de facto legal equality. However, a series of attacks were made on people Indian origin by a street gang called the "Dotbusters" in New Jersey in 1987, the dot signifying the Bindi dot sticker worn on the forehead by Indian women.[184] The lackadaisical attitude of the local police prompted the South Asian community to arrange small groups all across the state to fight back against the street gang. The perpetrators have been put to trial. On 2 January 2012, a Hindu worship center in New York City was firebombed.[185]
The Dotbusters was a hate group in Jersey City, New Jersey, that attacked and threatened South Asians in the fall of 1987. The name originated from the fact that traditional Hindu women and girls wear a bindi on their forehead. In July 1987, they had a letter published in the Jersey Journal[186] stating that they would take any means necessary to drive the Indians out of Jersey City:
I'm writing about your article during July about the abuse of Indian People. Well I'm here to state the other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them you would also. We are an organization called dot busters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks such as breaking windows, breaking car windows, and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central avenue and experience what its like to be near them: we have and we just don't want it anymore. You said that they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will never do anything. They are a week [sic] race Physically and mentally. We are going to continue our way. We will never be stopped.[187]
Later that month, a group of youths attacked Navroze Mody, an Indian man of Parsi (Persian) origin, who was mistaken for a Hindu, after he had left the Gold Coast Cafe with his friend who fell into a coma. Mody died four days later. The four convicted of the attack were Luis Acevedo, Ralph Gonzalez and Luis Padilla - who were convicted of aggravated assault; and William Acevedo - who was convicted of simple assault. The attack was with fists and feet and with an unknown object that was described as either a baseball bat or a brick, and occurred after members of the group, which was estimated as being between ten and twelve youths, had surrounded Mr. Mody and taunted him for his baldness as either "Kojak" or "baldie". Mody's father, Jamshid Mody, later brought charges against the city and police force of Hoboken, New Jersey, claiming that "the Hoboken police's indifference to acts of violence perpetrated against Asian Indians violated Navroze Mody's equal protection rights" under the Fourteenth Amendment.[188] Mody lost the case; the court ruled that the attack had not been proven a hate crime, nor had there been proven any malfeasance by the police or prosecutors of the city.[188]
A few days after the attack on Mody, another Indian was beaten into a coma; this time on a busy street corner in Jersey City Heights. The victim, Kaushal Saran, was found unconscious at Central and Ferry Avenues, near a city park and firehouse, according to police reports. Saran, a licensed physician in India who was awaiting licensing in the United States, was discharged later from University Hospital in Newark.[189] The unprovoked attack left Saran in a partial coma for over a week with severe damage to his skull and brain. In September 1992, Thomas Kozak, Martin Ricciardi, and Mark Evangelista were brought to trial on federal civil rights charges in connection with the attack on Saran. However, the three were acquitted of the charges in two separate trials in 1993. Saran testified at both trials that he could not remember the incident.[190]
The Dotbusters were primarily based in New York and New Jersey and committed most of their crimes in Jersey City. A number of perpetrators have been brought to trial for these assaults. Although tougher anti-hate crime laws were passed by the New Jersey legislature in 1990, the attacks continued, with 58 cases of hate crimes against Indians in New Jersey reported in 1991.[187]

See also[edit]

Today in Indian History - Events for March 11 - IndianAge.Com

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  1. en.wikipedia.org/.../Persecution_of_Hi...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    Qasim obeyed, and on his arrival at the town of Brahminabad massacred .... Timurentered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins. ...... "Riot police who took part in the destruction threw the personal belongings of the .... he has been severely criticised by local Muslims, including other members of the IPCI.
    गहाळ: lung ‎hardwar

Nader Shah's invasion of Mughal India - Wikipedia, the free ...

  1. en.wikipedia.org/.../Nader_Shah's_inva...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    Nadir Shah at the sack of Delhi - Battle scene with Nader Shah on horseback, ... Shah at the battle at Karnal and had taken over control of northern India. ... The town was reduced to ashes." ... they are now part of the British and Iranian Crown Jewels, respectively. .... Ghaznavid · Great Seljuq · Khwarezmian · Timurid.
    गहाळ: lung ‎destroyed ‎hardwar ‎pilgrimmage

[PDF]Delhi Guide Books - Delhi Tourism

  1. www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/pdf/Book1-complete.pdf
    No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means .... The Tughlaq line came to an end when Timur (Tamerlane), a .... in a few years to escape the water shortage in the new town. .... marble, it has a blend of architectural styles from across India. ..... Between the North and the South gates runs a.

Full text of "The Sultanate Of Delhi 711-152 A D"

  1. archive.org/.../sultanateofdelhi001929...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    But this empire did not embrace the whole of north India even, to say nothing of ..... Intowns and cities the management was in the hands of an officer called Nqgarpati. ..... Then followed the usual ghastly scene of slaughter, enslavement and loot. ...... dominion over the southern parts of the Ganga- Yamuna Doab, including ...

Full text of "Discovery of india" - Internet Archive

  1. https://archive.org/.../DiscoveryOfIndia/TheDiscoveryOfIndia-jawaharlal...
    I wanted India to take an eager and active part in the mighty conflict, for I felt that ..... the wrong means distorting and some- times even destroying the end in view? ...... had come for thousands of years from all over India, to bathe in the Ganges. ...... in Central and Northern India (including Gandhara or part of Afghanistan).

Indian war of Independence or Sepoy Mutiny? - Historum

  1. historum.com/.../51843-1857-indian-w...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    १९ जाने, २०१३ - 10 पोस्ट - ‎1 लेखक
    In the event, after 1857, the Sarv Khap ssytem was destroyed, their ... north east ofDelhi on the Delhi - Dehradun Road. ... down the invaders like Ghazni, Ghauri, Timurand the Khiljis for over ... them to absorb the various parts of India into their empire. ... Schools (Vidya Peeths) were extant in all towns.

Hindu Veers (Tackling life challenges from a ... - zIFBoards

  1. z11.invisionfree.com/.../ar/t313.htm
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    Another infamous character of the time was Abdu'n Nabî Khãn the governor of Mathura ... taken, with a sip of water from the Ganga, and the Yamuna, and the .... (a town in today's Indian state of Haryana, situated about 100km south-west of Delhi, ... meant that they even enacted revenge by destroying mosques in the area.

[PDF]India, 14 edition (Country Travel Guide)

  1. folk.uio.no/.../Lonely_Planet_India_(Country_Travel_Guide)_(14th_Ed...
    drumsticks in North India to the simple ..... 20 India's capital has had several incarnations over the last few thousand ... The Mughal legacy is one of its biggest attractions: Old Delhi is all crumbling ...... include accommodation on board, tours, admission fees and all or most ..... In Haridwar, the Haveli Hari Ganga (p 414 ).

August | 2008 | Dikgaj's Weblog

  1. https://dikgaj.wordpress.com/2008/08/
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    ३१ ऑग, २००८ - Upon this the Indians retire, otherwise they would destroy Multan. .... Besides the Chauhans of Delhi and Ajmer, India at that time had two more .... in India, originating from the name of a small town in Northern Bengal, where the ..... werelooting sailors and merchants all over the Arabian sea, including the ...

Notes[edit]

  1. Jump up^ Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. [1]
  2. Jump up^ Wink, Andre, "Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill Academic Publishers, 1 August 2002, ISBN 0-391-04173-8pg. 204
  3. Jump up^ Trifkovic, Serge (11 September 2002). The Sword of the Prophet: History, Theology, Impact on the World. Regina Orthodox Press. ISBN 1-928653-11-1.
  4. Jump up^ Trifkovic, Serge. "Islam’s Other Victims: India".FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  5. Jump up^ Sindhi Culture by U.T. Thakkur, Univ. of Bombay Publications, 1959
  6. Jump up^ J E Lohuizen-de Leeuw, South Asian Archaeology 1975, pg 152–153, January 1, 1979, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-05996-2
  7. Jump up^ "Somnath - The Symbol of National Pride". Leaves from the Past. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010.
  8. Jump up^ Schofield, Victoria (2010). Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 25. Retrieved28 January 2014.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Ancient Hindu society. Genesis. p. 365. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  10. Jump up^ Encyclopædia Britannica 14 (15 ed.). July 1987. pp. 238–240.
  11. Jump up^ The World Book Encyclopedia 19. 1990. p. 237.
  12. Jump up^ Douglas, W.O., (July 1958). "West of Khyber Pass". National Geographic Magazine. 114,1: 13–23.
  13. Jump up^ Encyclopedia Americana 14. 1993. p. 206.
  14. Jump up^ Kakar, Sudhir. The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict. University of Chicago Press P 50. ISBN 0-226-42284-4.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b c P. M. (Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge University Press, 21 April 1977, ISBN 0-521-29137-2 pg 3–4.
  16. Jump up^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, (Har-Anand, 2009), 278.
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b Sachau, Edward (1910). Alberuni's India, Vol. 1. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 22.
  18. Jump up^ Duiker and Spielvogel (2008). World History, Volume 1. Cengage Learning. p. 251.
  19. Jump up^ Raychaudhuri and Habib (2004). Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1. Orient Blackswan. p. 91. Retrieved 28 January2014.
  20. ^ Jump up to:a b c Banerjee, Jamini (1967). History of Firuz Shah Tughluq. Munshiram Manoharlal.
  21. ^ Jump up to:a b c Rajiv Varma Destruction of Hindu Temples by Aurangzeb
  22. Jump up^ "Disputed Ayodhya site to be divided into 3 parts- TIMESNOW.tv – Latest Breaking News, Big News Stories, News Videos". Timesnow.Tv. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  23. Jump up^ "The austere, grandiose site of Hampi was the last capital of the last great Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its fabulously rich princes built Dravidian temples and palaces which won the admiration of travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries. Conquered by the Deccan Muslim confederacy in 1565, the city was pillaged over a period of six months before being abandoned." From the brief description UNESCO World Heritage List.
  24. Jump up^ Bowring, Lewin (1893). Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south (1974 ed.). Delhi: ADABIYAT-I DELLI. ISBN 81-206-1299-X.
  25. Jump up^ Valath, V. v. k. (1981). Keralathile Sthacharithrangal – Thrissur Jilla (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahithya Academy. pp. 74–79.
  26. Jump up^ Kareem, C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association: distributors, Paico Pub. House. p. 322.
  27. Jump up^ Brittlebank Tipu Sultan pp. 1-3; Phillip B. Wagoner "Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain by Kate Brittlebank (Review)” The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 58, No. 2 (May 1999) pp. 541–543
  28. Jump up^ "The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947", p. 62, by T. A. Heathcote, 1995
  29. ^ Jump up to:a b c Prabhu 1999, p. 223
  30. Jump up^ Cariappa 1981, p. 48
  31. Jump up^ Sen 1930, p. 157
  32. Jump up^ Mappila Muslims of Kerala: a study in Islamic trends (1992), Roland E. Miller, Orient Longman, p. 93
  33. Jump up^ Hasan, The History of Tipu Sultan, pp. 362–363
  34. Jump up^ K.M. Panicker, Bhasha Poshini, August 1923
  35. Jump up^ Conjeeveram Hayavadana Rao (rao sahib), Benjamin Lewis Rice, (1930). Mysore gazetteer, Volume 2, Issue 4,. Government Press. p. 2697.
  36. Jump up^ Mohibbul Hasan The History of Tipu Sultan (Delhi) 1971 pp 359
  37. Jump up^ B.A. Saletare "Tipu Sultan as Defender of the Hindu Dharma" in Habib (Ed.) Confronting Colonialism, pp. 116–8
  38. Jump up^ Ali, Sheikh. "Persian script of Tipu Sultan on the gateway to Krishnaraja Sagar Dam (KRS)". Biography of Tipu Sultan. Cal-Info. http://www.tipusultan.org/script1.htm. Retrieved 17 October 2006
  39. Jump up^ Rao, Hayavadana C.. History of Mysore 1399–1799: Incorporating the latest Epigraphical, Literary and Historical Researches Vol. 3 pgs 1047–53. Bangalore Government Press.
  40. ^ Jump up to:a b Firishta, Muhammad Qãsim Hindû Shãh; John Briggs (translator) (1829– 1981 Reprint). Tãrîkh-i-Firishta (History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India). New Delhi. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. Jump up^ Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7.
  42. ^ Jump up to:a b de Souza, Teotonio (1994). Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures. Concept Publishing Company. p. 80. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  43. Jump up^ "Recall the Goa Inquisition to stop the Church from crying foul". Rediff (India). 16 March 1999.
  44. ^ Jump up to:a b L'Inquisition de Goa: la relation de Charles Dellon (1687)
  45. Jump up^ Stokes, Eric (1973). The First Century of British Colonial Rule in India: Social Revolution or Social Stagnation?" Past and Present.
  46. Jump up^ Death toll in the partition
  47. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Tsugitaka, Sato (2 Oct 2012). Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects. Routledge. Retrieved31 January 2014.
  48. Jump up^ Tyson, John D. IOR: Tyson Papers, Eur E341/41, Tyson's note on Calcutta disturbances, 29 September 1946.
  49. ^ Jump up to:a b c Burrows, Frederick (1946). Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107.
  50. Jump up^ Batabyal, Rakesh (1 May 2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47. SAGE. p. 263. Retrieved31 January 2014.
  51. ^ Jump up to:a b Fort, Adrian (31 Dec 2011). Archibald Wavell: The Life and Times of an Imperial Servant. Random House. p. 398.
  52. Jump up^ Fraser, Bashabi (2008). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter. Anthem Press. p. 21. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  53. Jump up^ Batabyal, Rakesh (1 May 2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47. 246: SAGE. Retrieved31 January 2014.
  54. Jump up^ Sanyal, Sunanda; Basu, Soumya (2011). The Sickle & the Crescent: Communists, Muslim League and India's Partition. London: Frontpage Publications. pp. 149–151. ISBN 978-81-908841-6-7.
  55. Jump up^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra (2001). Shyamaprasad: Bangabhanga O Paschimbanga (শ্যামাপ্রসাদ: বঙ্গভঙ্গ ও পশ্চিমবঙ্গ). Kolkata: Akhil Bharatiya Itihash Sankalan Samiti. p. 127.
  56. Jump up^ Das, Suranjan (May 2000). "The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'?". Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press) 34 (2): 281–306.doi:10.1017/S0026749X0000336X. JSTOR 313064.
  57. Jump up^ Sengupta, Debjani (2006). A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of ‘Direct Action’ Day. Sarai Reader.
  58. Jump up^ Wavell, Archibald P. (1946). Report to Lord Pethick-Lawrence. British Library Archives: IOR.
  59. Jump up^ Rashid, Harun-or (1987). The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics, 1936–1947,. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  60. Jump up^ Chatterji, Joya (6 Jun 2002). Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 239. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  61. ^ Jump up to:a b Fraser, Bashabi (2008). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter. Anthem Press. p. 19. Retrieved 31 January2014.
  62. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Batabyal, Rakesh (1 May 2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47. SAGE. p. 272. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  63. Jump up^ Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47. New Delhi: Sage Publications. p. 280. ISBN 8178294710.
  64. Jump up^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (27 May 2004). Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947. Routledge. p. 104.
  65. Jump up^ Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47. New Delhi: Sage Publications. p. 273. ISBN 8178294710.
  66. Jump up^ Batabyal, Rakesh (1 May 2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47. SAGE. p. 282. Retrieved31 January 2014.
  67. Jump up^ Chatterji, Joya (6 Jun 2002). Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
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  69. Jump up^ Chatterji, Joya (6 Jun 2002). Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
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  71. Jump up^ Telangana Liberation – A People's Struggle
  72. Jump up^ Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (An Important Revolutionary of India) – Bhawan Singh Rana – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  73. Jump up^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z By James Minahan
  74. Jump up^ HYDERABAD: The Holdout TIME Magazine, Monday, 30 August 1948
  75. Jump up^ Census of Pakistan, 1951
  76. Jump up^ Hindu Masjids by Prafull Goradia, 2002 "In 1951, Muslims were 77 percent and Hindus were 22 percent."
  77. Jump up^ Census of Pakistan[dead link]
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  80. Jump up^ "Hindus attacked in Pakistan". Oneindia.in. 13 July 2010.
  81. Jump up^ "At least 25 Hindu Girls Abducted Every Month in Pakistan".The Chakra. April 2010.
  82. Jump up^ "Hindu temple guard gunned down in Peshawar".http://newsweekpakistan.com/hindu-temple-guard-gunned-down-in-peshawar. AG Publications (Private) Limited. Jan 26, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  83. Jump up^ "Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal". Time. 2 August 1971.
  84. Jump up^ "World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout". TIME. 2 August 1971. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  85. Jump up^ UNHCR | Refworld | Chronology for Lhotshampas in Bhutan
  86. Jump up^ NEPAL-BHUTAN: Bhutan questions identity of 107,000 refugees in Nepal
  87. Jump up^ Bhaumik, Subir (7 November 2007). "Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated'". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  88. Jump up^ "Structural asymmetric secularism".
  89. Jump up^ "National Minority Status For Jain Community in India".
  90. Jump up^ "Supreme Court's judgement".
  91. Jump up^ "University Today".
  92. Jump up^ "Places of worship attacked". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 9 December 2006.
  93. Jump up^ "Anti-Hindu rhetoric nothing new for atheist DMK chief".
  94. Jump up^ Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India After Gandhi. MacMillan. pp. 640–680.
  95. Jump up^ Gill, Kanwar Pal Singh. "The Kashmiri Pandits: An Ethnic Cleansing the World Forgot". South Asian Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  96. Jump up^ "Under renewed threats, pandits may flee the Valley". Hindustan Times. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 13 August2012.
  97. Jump up^ KASHMIR SENTINEL 16 August – 15 September 2000-Terrorists massacre Amarnath yatris
  98. Jump up^ Tripura Society's Website, Independent, and Authentic Information & Views About Tripura
  99. Jump up^ "Constitution of National Liberation Front of Tripura". South Asia Terrorism Portal.
  100. Jump up^ "National Liberation Front of Tripura, India". South Asia Terrorism Portal.
  101. Jump up^ Christianity threat looms over Bhuvan Pahar Assam Times – 23 June 2009
  102. Jump up^ Harris, Gardiner (28 July 2012). "As Tensions in India Turn Deadly, Some Say Officials Ignored Warning Signs". The New York Times.
  103. Jump up^ Bhaumik, Subir (26 July 2012). "What lies behind Assam violence?". BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  104. Jump up^ Atiq Khan (2012-08-18). "Mob goes berserk in Lucknow, targets media". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  105. Jump up^ Das, Nairita (2012-08-29). "Northeast people indeed assaulted, threatened in Bangalore". News Oneindia. Retrieved2014-01-26.
  106. Jump up^ Gunment Slaughter 38 on Bus in India in Bloodiest Attack of Sikh Campaign. 7 July 1987. Page A03. The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  107. ^ Jump up to:a b Marad report slams Muslim League The Indian Express, 27 September 2006
  108. Jump up^ 62 get life term for Marad killings The Indian Express, 16 January 2009
  109. Jump up^ Mujtaba, Syed Ali (2005). Soundings on South Asia. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-932705-40-9.
  110. Jump up^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhushan Das (2007). Science, technology, imperialism, and war – History of science, philosophy, and culture in Indian civilization. Volume XV. Science, technology, and philosophy ; pt. 1. Pearson Education India. p. 733.ISBN 978-81-317-0851-4.
  111. Jump up^ "Discrimination against Bangladeshi Hindus: Refugees International". Rediff.com. 9 August 2003. Retrieved26 August 2006.
  112. ^ Jump up to:a b Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? by Hiranmay Karlekar. New Delhi: Sage, January 2006. ISBN 0-7619-3401-4
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  114. Jump up^ "The Talibanization of Bangladesh". metransparent.com. 9 August 2003. Archived from the original on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
  115. Jump up^ U.S. Department of State: 2006 Census Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs
  116. Jump up^ Frank Pallone (17 May 2004). "Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh (article mirrored from the US Library of Congress)". Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  117. Jump up^ "Congressman Pallone Condemns Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh Following Meetings with Hindu American Foundation". Hindu American Foundation. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2006.[dead link]
  118. ^ Jump up to:a b Bangladesh slammed for persecution of Hindus,Rediff.com
  119. Jump up^ "Hindu temple attacked, idols destroyed in B'desh: Official".The Times of India. 6 February 2010.
  120. Jump up^ Fresh atrocities on Hindu families in Bangladesh Weekly Blitz – 4 September 2011
  121. ^ Jump up to:a b "Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority". Press releases. Amnesty International. Retrieved8 March 2013.
  122. Jump up^ "Hindus Under Attack in Bangladesh". News Bharati. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  123. Jump up^ "Bagerhat Hindu Temple Set on Fire". bdnews24.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  124. Jump up^ "US worried at violence". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 12 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  125. Jump up^ "Mozena: Violence is not the way to resolution". The Daily Ittefaq. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  126. Jump up^ Ethirajan, Anbarasan (9 March 2013). "Bangladesh minorities 'terrorised' after mob violence". BBC News (London). Retrieved17 March 2013.
  127. Jump up^ Nayyar, A.H. and Salim, A. (eds.)(2003). The subtle Subversion: A report on Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan. Report of the project A Civil Society Initiative in Curricula and Textbooks Reform. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad.
  128. Jump up^ Hate mongering worries minorities, Daily Times (Pakistan), 25 April 2006
  129. Jump up^ In Pakistan's Public Schools, Jihad Still Part of Lesson Plan – The Muslim nation's public school texts still promote hatred and jihad, reformers say. By Paul Watson, Times Staff Writer; 18 August 2005; Los Angeles Times. 4 Page article online Retrieved on 2 January 2010
  130. Jump up^ Primers Of Hate – History or biology, Pakistani students get anti-India lessons in all their textbooks; 'Hindu, Enemy Of Islam' – These are extracts from government-sponsored textbooks approved by the National Curriculum Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education. By AMIR MIR; 10 October 2005;Outlook India Magazine Retrieved on 2 January 2010
  131. Jump up^ Noor's cure: A contrast in views; by Arindam Banerji; 16 July 2003; Rediff India Abroad Retrieved on 2 January 2010
  132. Jump up^ Curriculum of hatred, Dawn (newspaper), 26 May 2009
  133. ^ Jump up to:a b ‘School texts spreading more extremism than seminaries’By Our Special Correspondent; Tuesday, 19 May 2009; Dawn Newspaper. Retrieved 1 January 2010
  134. Jump up^ The threat of Pakistan's revisionist texts, The Guardian, 18 May 2009
  135. Jump up^ http://www.dawn.com/news/648524/the-ideology-of-thought-control The Ideology of Thought Control in Pakistan Dawn (newspaper)
  136. Jump up^ Pakistan: Do school texts fuel bias?, Christian Science Monitor, 21 January 2009
  137. Jump up^ Anwar, Syed. "State of minorities". Retrieved 18 August2006.
  138. Jump up^ 25 Hindu girls abducted every month, claims HRCP officialThe News, Tuesday, 30 March 2010
  139. Jump up^ "Opp MNAs fight in PM’s presence". Retrieved 23 August2006.
  140. Jump up^ US Department of State International Religious Freedom Report 2006
  141. Jump up^ Abduction of Hindus, Sikhs have become a business in Pak: PML MP Times of India – 28 August 2011
  142. Jump up^ ‘Pak Hindus not treated equally under law’ Zee News – 20 April 2012
  143. Jump up^ Hounded in Pakistan Daily Pioneer – 20 March 2012
  144. Jump up^ Another temple is no more,Dawn
  145. Jump up^ "Hindu temple guard gunned down in Peshawar". Newsweek Pakistan. AG Publications (Private) Limited. Jan 26, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  146. Jump up^ Sohail, Riaz (2 March 2007). "Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan". BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
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  150. Jump up^ "Hindus fleeing persecution in Pak". The Times of India. 5 September 2001.
  151. Jump up^ Goodbye To The Hindu Ghettos Tehelka – 17 October 2009 issue
  152. Jump up^ US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus, T.C. Malhotra
  153. Jump up^ US lawmakers say: We are Hindus Aziz Haniffa
  154. Jump up^ Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus,CNN
  155. Jump up^ India deplores Taleban decree against Hindus
  156. Jump up^ Taliban: Hindus Must Wear Identity Labels,People's Daily
  157. ^ Jump up to:a b US lawmakers say: We are Hindus,Rediff.com
  158. ^ Jump up to:a b US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus,CNSnews.com
  159. Jump up^ Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples,pluralism.org
  160. Jump up^ Bruce Haigh (January 2, 2014). "Tribunal delivers Sri Lanka's guilty verdict".http://www.canberratimes.com.au/comment/tribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  161. Jump up^ "Contacts". Tamils Against Genocide. April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  162. Jump up^ Rosie DiManno (February 6, 2014). "Sri Lanka’s hidden genocide".http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/04/sri_lankas_hidden_genocide.html (Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd.). Retrieved6 February 2014.
  163. Jump up^ "Tamil group files lawsuit against Rajapaksa in US - Indian Express". The Indian Express. 29 January 2011. Retrieved29 November 2012.
  164. Jump up^ "TGTE Launches Signature Campaign for Sri Lanka Genocide Investigation". Transitional Government of Tamil Eelam. April 24, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  165. Jump up^ Suspected Islamists slash Indian student's tongue with knife in Bonn Hindustan Times – 27 December 2012
  166. Jump up^ In Rome, Durga is not welcome Daily Pioneer – 27 September 2009
  167. Jump up^ Italy is no longer (only) Christian Articolo Tre – 14 December 2012
  168. Jump up^ "KAZAKHSTAN: State bulldozes Hare Krishna commune, bids to chair OSCE". Forum 18 News Service. Retrieved 24 January2007.
  169. Jump up^ "U.S. Embassy urges Kazakh authorities to end harassment of Hare Krishna". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved24 January 2007.
  170. Jump up^ Temple row – a dab of sensibility please,malaysiakini.com
  171. Jump up^ Muslims Destroy Century-Old Hindu Temple,gatago.com[dead link]
  172. Jump up^ Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia,BBC
  173. ^ Jump up to:a b Hindu group protests 'temple cleansing' in Malaysia,Financial Express
  174. Jump up^ Malaysia ethnic Indians in uphill fight on religion Reuters India – 8 November 2007
  175. Jump up^ Malaysia Muslims protest proposed Hindu temple Associated Press – 28 August 2009
  176. Jump up^ Malaysia strips Hindus of rights Daily Pioneer – 19 January 2010
  177. Jump up^ Marshall, Paul. Saudi Arabia's Religious Police Crack Downat the Wayback Machine (archived May 22, 2006). Freedom House
  178. ^ Jump up to:a b Jonathan Fraenkel, Stewart Firth (2007). From Election to Coup in Fiji: The 2006 Campaign and Its Aftermath. ANU E Press. p. 306.
  179. ^ Jump up to:a b "Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora. A Survey of Human Rights 2005". Hindu American Foundation (HAF). 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
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  182. ^ Jump up to:a b International Religious Freedom Report 2002: Trinidad and Tobago
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  184. Jump up^ "In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence". The New York Times.
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References[edit]

  • Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8..

External links[edit]

  • Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities
  • The Hindu Minority in Bangladesh
  • Attacks on the Hindu Minority in Bangladesh – Amnesty International
  • Atrocities on Hindus catch US Congressmen's attention – United States Commission on Religious Freedom
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